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Cauda equina syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves at the base of the spinal cord, known as the cauda equina, is compressed. This condition can lead to severe complications, including loss of bladder and bowel control, and requires prompt medical intervention.

Hematomas, disc herniation, and iatrogenic injuries are all recognized causes of cauda equina syndrome. A hematoma can create pressure in the spinal canal, leading to nerve compression. Similarly, a herniated disc can protrude into the spinal canal and compress the cauda equina. Iatrogenic injuries, which refer to injuries caused by medical intervention, such as surgical procedures that inadvertently damage the cauda equina or surrounding structures, can also result in this syndrome.

In contrast, a ligament sprain typically involves damage to the ligaments around the spine but does not directly cause compression of the cauda equina itself. While ligament sprains can lead to pain and discomfort in the lower back, they are not associated with the critical nerve compression that defines cauda equina syndrome. Thus, a ligament sprain is not a recognized cause of this serious condition.